Prideaux nutritional assessment tool
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Risk is a core element of the vulnerability concept, a theoretical framework that has gained importance in interdisciplinary development research to examine poverty dynamics and welfare implications of shocks and crises at the micro-level (Chambers, 1989 Watts & Bohle, 1993 Alwang, Siegel & Jørgensen, 2001). This article analyzes impacts of tourism in poor, rural communities of Nepal with a particular focus on risk. A sober re-assessment of tourism as a development option, which addresses the aforementioned shortcomings, therefore seems overdue.
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Development policy must also cater to the aspirations, capacities and perceptions of local residents, which are a function of people’s geographic and socio-economic context.
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Arguably, effective policies for poverty reduction must account for local development potentials and constraints. Second, tourism is often judged in isolation rather than in relation to other economic options that are available in a particular local context. However, most local impact studies on tourism and development have two important shortcomings: First, impacts of tourism are typically assessed from the perspective of outsiders, often without due consideration of local values and perceptions. In a similar vein, researchers have exposed a range of unwanted economic, socio-cultural and environmental side-effects of tourism in poor countries, such as the promotion of inequality, inflation, import dependency, over-exploitation of natural resources, environmental damages and cultural alienation (cf. The lack of a straightforward correlation between tourism and development and concerns about the volatility of travel fashions explain the reluctance of policy-makers to promote tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation (cf. As the UN World Tourism Organization remarks, however, “tourism has not yet been given sufficient recognition by many governments and international development assistance agencies” (UNWTO, 2005, p. The majority of low-income countries have therefore included tourism in their national poverty reduction strategies (Mitchell & Ashley, 2007). Tourism is not only an avenue for national export and foreign currency earnings it is also one of the few economic options to harness the development of remote, rural areas. High-income countries still hold the greatest absolute market share in tourism, but the growth of international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts has been particularly dynamic in developing countries in recent decades (Annex 1 UNWTO, 2007). Introductionĭespite the recent economic crisis, tourism remains one of the most dynamic global industries and one of the largest generators of wealth and jobs (UNWTO, 2009 cf. Keywords: Risk, vulnerability assessment, tourism, rural development, Nepal. In the notoriously insecure environment of rural Nepal, tourism is thus a preferred livelihood option, despite its ‘objective’ riskiness. However, the analysis also reveals that in the local perception the benefits of tourism exceed the risk-related cost in the form of income fluctuations. Due to the volatility of tourist arrivals during the Maoist “People’s War” in Nepal, rural tourism households were more likely to experience income shocks between 19 than non-tourism households. As risk is context-dependant and socially constructed, vulnerability assessments should not only be based on categories of shock events that are pre-defined by outsiders, but also cater to people’s perceptions and their local socio-economic context. This article explores impacts of tourism on poor, rural host communities in Nepal through the theoretical lens of the vulnerability concept and with a particular focus on risk. However, little is known about how people in destination communities themselves assess the risks and benefits of tourism relative to other sectors of the local economy. Tourism is commonly perceived as a profitable but risky option for communities in Africa, Asia and South America, due to the unpredictability of international demand and unwanted side effects on the local economy, society and environment. Institute of Development Research and Development Policy Local Perceptions of Risk and Tourism: A Case Study from Rural Nepal